https://www.egpat.com/ https://www.egpat.com/pharmacology/classifications https://www.egpat.com/tutorials https://www.egpat.com/test-papers https://www.egpat.com/multiple-choice-questions https://www.egpat.com/questions https://www.egpat.com/blog https://www.egpat.com/contact https://www.egpat.com/blog/biopharmaceutical-calculations-auc-and-clearancehttps://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Slide1.png 400mg of drug absorbed with administration of a dose of 500mg https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Slide2.png Fraction of drug absorbed is the ratio of bioavailable does to oral dose https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Slide3.png Calculation of fraction of absorption https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Slide4.png Relation between dose, AUC and clearance https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Slide5.png Relation between clearance, volume of distribution and elimination rate constant https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Slide6.png Relation between dose, AUC, volume of distribution and elimination rate constant https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Slide7.png Calculation of fraction of drug absorbed from clearance https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Slide8.png Calculation of fraction of drug absorbed from volume of distribution https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Bio_calcn_3.png Calculation of AUC https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Slide18.png Calculation of dose from AUC https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Slide19.png Calculation of dose from Volume of distribution https://www.egpat.com/blog/biopharmaceutical-calculations-in-sustain-release-productshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Sreq1.png Relation between AUC and steady state concentration https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Sreq2.png Relation between dose, clearance and steady state concentration https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Srws1.png Calculation of dose in SR product https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Srws2.png Calculation of steady state concentration in SR products https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Srws3.png Calculation of dose for a given steady state concentration https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Srws4.png Calculation of steady state concentration from AUC and dose interval https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Srws5.png Calculation of steady state concentration from clearance https://www.egpat.com/images/Bio_calcn/Srws6.png Calculation of dose from steady state concentration and volume of distribution https://www.egpat.com/blog/how-to-determine-the-number-of-nmr-peakshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Analysis/Methane.jpg Different types of protons in methane https://www.egpat.com/images/Analysis/Ethane.jpg Different types of protons in ethane https://www.egpat.com/images/Analysis/Propane.jpg Different types of protons in propane https://www.egpat.com/images/Analysis/Vinylchloride.jpg Various types of protons in vinyl chloride https://www.egpat.com/images/Analysis/Vinyl-chloride.jpg cis and trans protons in vinyl chloride https://www.egpat.com/images/Analysis/Isobutane.jpg Different types of protons in isobutane https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/2-bromo-4-chloro-3-methylpentane.jpg Different types of protons in 2-bromo-4-chloro-3-methylpentane https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Nitrobenzene.png Different types of protons in nitrobenzene https://www.egpat.com/blog/pharmaceutical-calculations-by-alligation-methodhttps://www.egpat.com/Images/calc/all/awe1.png Working example 1 of alligation https://www.egpat.com/Images/calc/all/awe2.png Working example 2 of alligation https://www.egpat.com/Images/calc/all/ahigher.png Formula for calculation of higher concentration required for alligation https://www.egpat.com/Images/calc/all/awe2l.png Working example 2 of higher concentration required in alligationhttps://www.egpat.com/Images/calc/all/alower.png Formula for calculation of lower concentration required for alligation https://www.egpat.com/Images/calc/all/awe2h.png Working example 2 of lower concentration required in alligation https://www.egpat.com/Images/calc/all/awe3.png Working example 3 of alligationhttps://www.egpat.com/Images/calc/all/awe3l.png Working example 3 of higher concentration required in alligationhttps://www.egpat.com/Images/calc/all/awe3h.png Working example 3 of lower concentration required in alligation https://www.egpat.com/Images/calc/all/awe4percent.png Conversion of ratio into percent expression https://www.egpat.com/Images/calc/all/awe4.png Working example 4 of alligation https://www.egpat.com/Images/calc/all/awe4v1.png calculation 4 https://www.egpat.com/Images/calc/all/awe4v2.png calculation of volume https://www.egpat.com/blog/number-of-nmr-signals-in-cyclic-compoundshttps://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/cyclobutane.jpg Solid wedge - dashed line projection of cyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/cyclobutane-NMR-signals.jpg Protons in cyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/Chlorocyclobutane.png Structure of chlorocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane1.png Proton at C1 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane2.png Protons at C2 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane3.png Equivalent protons at C2 and C4 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane4.png Protons at C3 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/blog/how-to-write-iupac-name-of-sulfonamideshttps://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/cyclobutane.jpg Solid wedge - dashed line projection of cyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/cyclobutane-NMR-signals.jpg Protons in cyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/Chlorocyclobutane.png Structure of chlorocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane1.png Proton at C1 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane2.png Protons at C2 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane3.png Equivalent protons at C2 and C4 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane4.png Protons at C3 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/blog/14-rules-you-should-know-to-write-IUPAC-name-of-organic-compoundshttps://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/cyclobutane.jpg Solid wedge - dashed line projection of cyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/cyclobutane-NMR-signals.jpg Protons in cyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/Chlorocyclobutane.png Structure of chlorocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane1.png Proton at C1 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane2.png Protons at C2 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane3.png Equivalent protons at C2 and C4 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane4.png Protons at C3 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/blog/priority-order-of-functional-groups-in-IUPAC-nomenclature https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/cyclobutane.jpg Solid wedge - dashed line projection of cyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/cyclobutane-NMR-signals.jpg Protons in cyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/Chlorocyclobutane.png Structure of chlorocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane1.png Proton at C1 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane2.png Protons at C2 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane3.png Equivalent protons at C2 and C4 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/Images/Chemistry/chlorocyclobutane4.png Protons at C3 of cholrocyclobutane https://www.egpat.com/blog/10-strategies-you-should-follow-to-get-top-rank-in-GPAT https://www.egpat.com/images/gpat-module.png Preparation of GPAT in three modules https://www.egpat.com/blog/story-of-freedom-fighters-in-medical-worldhttps://www.egpat.com/images/my-freedom-story.jpg my story with antibiotics as freedom fighters https://www.egpat.com/blog/40-suffixes-of-drugs-to-fix-in-your-mind-easilyhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Suffixes-of-PDE-V-inhibitors.png Suffixes of PDE type V inhibitors https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Suffixes-of-azole-antifungals.png Suffixes of azole antifungalshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Suffixes-of-local-anaesthetics.png Suffixes of local anaesthetics https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Suffix-of-penicillins.jpg Suffixes of Penicillins https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Suffixes-of-dihydropyridines.png Suffixes of dihydropyridineshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Suffixes-of-beta-blockers.png Suffixes of beta blockers https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Suffixes-of-macrolides.png Suffixes of macroilides https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/40-suffixes-of-drugs.png 40 suffixes of drugs easy to remember https://www.egpat.com/blog/21-categories-of-drugs-with-multiple-suffixeshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Suffixes-of-AChE-inhibitors.png Suffixes of ACh esterase inhibitors https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Suffixes-of-aminoglycosides.png Suffixes of aminoglycosideshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Suffixes-of-anticholinergics.png Suffixes of anticholinergicshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Suffixes-of-benzodiazepines.png Suffixes of benzodiazepineshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Suffixes-of-neuromuscular-blockers.png Suffixes of neuromuscular blockershttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Suffixes-of-TCA.png Suffixes of tricyclic antidepressantshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/21-categories-multi-suffix.png 21 category of drugs with multiple suffixes https://www.egpat.com/blog/beta-blockers-a-central-role-in-cardiac-disordershttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/alpha-receptors-location-action.png location and action of alpha receptors https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/beta-receptors-locatin-action.png location and action of beta receptors https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/beta-receptors-stroke-volume.png Increase in stroke volume by beta receptors https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/beta-receptors-cardaic-output.png Increase in cardiac output by beta receptors https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/beta-receptors-cardiac-work.png Increase in cardiac work by beta receptorshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Sympathetic-system-hypertension.png role of sympathetic system in hypertensionhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Sympathetic-system-arrhythmias.png role of sympathetic system in arrhythmias https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/beta-blockers-in-heart-failure.jpg role of sympathetic system in heart failurehttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Sympathetic-system-angina.png role of sympathetic system in angina https://www.egpat.com/blog/6-useful-tips-to-learn-pharmacology-in-easy-wayhttps://www.egpat.com/images/beta-blocker-pharmacology.png pharmacology of beta blockers https://www.egpat.com/blog/clinically-important-drugs-acting-on-sodium-and-calcium-channelshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/blocker-modulator.png difference between blocker and modulator https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Ions-action.png various ions and their actions in physiological system https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/sodium-channel-activation.png sodium channels in phase 0 of action potential https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/class-I-kinetics.png Rate of association in class I antiarrhythmics https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/sodium-channel-blockers.png Various drugs acting as sodium channel blockers https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/amiloride-triamterene.png Block of renal tubular sodium channels https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ccb-phase-2.png calcium channel blockers acting on phase 2 https://www.egpat.com/blog/potential-drug-targets-on-potassium-and-chloride-channelshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/phase-II-and-phase-III.png Drug targets on phase II and phase III https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/class-III-repolarisation.png ventricular arrhythmias may possible with class III agentshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/class-III-in-reentry.png Class II agents are useful in re-entry type of arrhythmiashttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/class-III-QT-interval.png Class III agents can increase QT interval https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/drugs-increase-QT.png Other drugs can also increase QT intervalhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Minoxidil-k-atp.png Drugs activate ATP sensitive potassium channels https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/nicorandil-action.png Dual action of nicorandilhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/sulfonyl-urea-insulun-release.png Release of insulin by sulfonyl ureashttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Benzodiazepine-pam.png Allosteric modulation of GABA gated chloride channels https://www.egpat.com/blog/iupac-nomenclature-of-benzodiazepineshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/fusion-atoms.png Bridge heads in fused ring systems https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/benzodiazepine-numbering-directions.png numbering possibilities in benzodiazepines https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/1H-indole-3H-indole.png extra hydrogens in 1H-indole and 3H-indolehttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/2,3-dihydro-1H-indole.png use of dihydro in indole https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/1,3-dihydro-in-benzodiazepines.png use of 1,3-dihydro in benzodiazepines https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/2H-in-benzodiazpepines.png 2H-2-one representation in benzodiazepineshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Structure-of-diazepam.png structure of diazepam https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Structure-of-oxazepam.png structure of oxazepamhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Structure-of-lorazepam.png structure of lorazepamhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/structure-of-temazepam.png structure of temazepamhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/structure-of-nitrazepam.png structure of nitrazepam https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/structure-of-chlordiazepoxide.png structure of chlordiazepoxide https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/structure-of-alprazolam.png structure of alprazolamhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/benzodiazepine-triazole.png numbering in benzodiazepine and triazole https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Fusion-of-benzodiazepine-triazole.png fusion of triazole with benzodiazepine https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/alprazolam-numbering.png numbering in alprazolam https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/structure-of-triazolam.png structure of triazolamhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/structure-of-midazolam.png structure of midazolamhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/fusion-in-midazolam.png fusion of imidazole with benzodiazepine https://www.egpat.com/blog/clinically-proved-prodrugs-and-their-active-metaboliteshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/metabolites-of-sulindac.jpg sulfone and sulfide metabolites of sulindac https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/prodrugs-metaboites.png List of prodrugs and their active metabolites https://www.egpat.com/blog/structural-activity-relationships-of-benzodiazepineshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/benzodiazepine-numbering-system.png numbering in benzodiazepineshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Benzodiazepine-methyl-group-at-1st-position.png benzodiazepines with methyl group at 1st position https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Benzodiazepines-hydrogen-at-1st-position.png benzodiazepines with hydrogen at 1st position https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Chlordiazepoxide-demoxepam.png conversion of chlordiazepoxide to demoxepam https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Benzodiazepines-polar.png Benzodiazepines with polar OH group at 3rd position https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Benzodiazepines-direct-phase-II.png oxazepam and lorazepam are directly conjugated https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Benzodiazepine-small-phase-I.png temazepam undergoes demthylation followed by conjugation https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Benzodiazepine-phenyl-substitution.png ortho and diortho substitution on phenyl ring increase activity https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Benzodiazepine-with-halo-at-ortho-phenyl.png benzodiazepines with halo group on phenyl ring at 5th position https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/bezodiazepines-fused.png SAR of fused benzodiazepines https://www.egpat.com/blog/18-classes-of-important-drugs-acting-on-receptorshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/muscarinic-agonists-uses.png muscarinic agonists and uses https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/Muscarinic-antagonists-uses.png muscarinic antagonists and uses https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/Selecive-muscarinic-antagonists.png selective muscarinic antagonists https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/alpha-receptor-agonists.png alpha receptor agonists and uses https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/alpha-receptor-blockers.png alpha blockers and uses https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/beta-agonists-uses.png beta agonists and useshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/Beta-receptor-blockers.png beta blockers and uses https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/Drugs-acting-on-dopamine-receptors.png drug targets on dopamine receptors https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/drugs-on-5HT-receptors.png drug targets on serotonin receptors https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/histamine-receptor-antagonists.png Histamin receptor antagonists and uses https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/AT-II-receptor-blockers.png angiotensin II receptor blockers and uses https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/prostaglandin-analogues.png prostaglandin analogues and uses https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/drugs-acting-on-estrogen-receptors.png drugs acting on estrogen receptors https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/drugs-on-progestin-receptors.png drugs acting on progestin receptorshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/receptors/glucocorticoids.png drug targets as glucocorticoids https://www.egpat.com/blog/8-precursors-essential-for-biosynthesis-of-alkaloidshttps://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/tyrosine-to-dopamine.png conversion of tyrosine to dopamine https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/tyrosine-to-tetrahydroisoquinoline.png conversion of tyrosine to tetrahydroisoquinoline https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/tyrosine-to-benzyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline.png conversion of tyrosine to benzyl tetrahydroisoquinolinehttps://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/benzyl-to-bisbenzyl.png conversion of benzyl tetrahydroisoquinoline to bis benzyl tetrahydroisoquinoline https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/modified-benzyl-tetrahydroisoquinoline.png modified benzyl tetrahydroisoquinoline from tyrosine https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/phenethylisoquinoline.png phenethylisoquinoine https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/dopamine-to-terpenoidisoquinoline.png https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/tryptophan-to-tryptamine.png conversion of tryptophan to trypatmine https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/tyramine-to-quinoline.png conversion of tryptamine to quinoline https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/tyramine-to-indole.png conversion of tryptamine to indole https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/tyramine-to-physostigmine.png https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/tyramine-to-ergot.png https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/ornithine-to-pyrrolidine.png conversion of ornithine to pyrrolidine https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/pyrrolidine-to-tropane.png conversion of pyrrolidine to tropane https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/lysine-to-piperidine.png conversion of lysine to piperidine https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/histidine-to-imidazole.png https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/Phenylalanine-to-ephedrine.png conversion of phenylalanine to ephedrine https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/anthranilic-acid-to-quinazoline.png conversion of anthranilic acid to quinazolinehttps://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/nicotinic-acid-to-nicotine.png conversion of nicotinic acid to pyridine https://www.egpat.com/images/cognosy/precursors/Nicotine.png Nicotine structure https://www.egpat.com/blog/what-is-nmr-spectroscopy https://www.egpat.com/blog/nmr-spectrum-table-easy-to-remember https://www.egpat.com/blog/nmr-chemical-shifts-interpretation-of-spectra https://www.egpat.com/blog/12-risk-factors-for-atherosclerosis-you-should-know https://www.egpat.com/blog/tramadol-side-effects-of-important-concern https://www.egpat.com/blog/15-important-gpcr-binding-drugs-in-pharmacology https://www.egpat.com/blog/high-cholesterol-levels-risk-of-chd https://www.egpat.com/blog/side-effects-of-statins-used-for-high-cholesterol https://www.egpat.com/blog/3-steps-of-translation https://www.egpat.com/blog/10-glycolysis-steps-to-remember-in-easy-way https://www.egpat.com/blog/4-criteria-for-aromaticity https://www.egpat.com/blog/how-to-write-iupac-name-practical-examples https://www.egpat.com/blog/aromatic-compounds https://www.egpat.com/blog/lewis-dot-structure https://www.egpat.com/blog/list-amino-acids https://www.egpat.com/blog/enantiomers https://www.egpat.com/blog/sequence-rules https://www.egpat.com/blog/iupac-names-alkanes https://www.egpat.com/blog/electromagnetic-radiation https://www.egpat.com/blog/electromagnetic-spectrum https://www.egpat.com/blog/electronic-transitions https://www.egpat.com/blog/solvatochromism https://www.egpat.com/blog/spectral-shifts https://www.egpat.com/blog/atomic-vs-molecular-spectra https://www.egpat.com/blog/solvents-in-nmr-spectroscopy https://www.egpat.com/blog/deviations-from-beer-lambert-law https://www.egpat.com/blog/gpat-syllabus https://www.egpat.com/blog/gpat-coaching https://www.egpat.com/blog/Nasal-decongestants-for-stuffy-nose https://www.egpat.com/blog/aripiprazole–atypical-antipsychotic-with-unique-action https://www.egpat.com/blog/8-types-of-medication-given-as-nasal-sprays https://www.egpat.com/blog/7-types-of-medication-that-are-confused https://www.egpat.com/blog/chemistry-of-phenothiazine-antipsychotics https://www.egpat.com/blog/phenothiazines-mechanism-side-effects-uses https://www.egpat.com/blog/atypical-antipsychotics-vs-typical-antipsychotics https://www.egpat.com/blog/calculation-of-displacement-value-in-easy-way https://www.egpat.com/blog/tensilon-test-for-myasthenia-gravis https://www.egpat.com/blog/spironolactone-mechanism-side-effects-precautions https://www.egpat.com/blog/calculation-of-percentage-ionization https://www.egpat.com/blog/calculation-of-area-under-curve https://www.egpat.com/blog/drugs-given-mainly-by-iv-infusion https://www.egpat.com/blog/potassium-sparing-diuretics https://www.egpat.com/blog/8-important-things-about-tamsulosin https://www.egpat.com/questions/how-statins-decrease-cholesterol-levels https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/drug-targets.png Three important drug targets to decrease in cholesterol levels in the body https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Statin-mechanism.png Statins inhibit HMG Co-A reductase thereby inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Statin-action.png Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis by statins leads to uptake of LDL from serum into liver https://www.egpat.com/questions/what-is-atherosclerosis https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Atheroma.png Blocking of blood vessel by formation of atheroma https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Atherogenesis.png LDL, platelets, inflammatory mediators enhance atherogenesis while HDL decreases https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Lipids-in-atherosclerosis.png The main target of atherosclerosis is to decrease LDL and increase HDL https://www.egpat.com/questions/why-potassium-levels-should-be-monitored-in-patients-using-ace-inhibitors https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Hypotension-and-RAS.png Hypotension induced activation of Renin-angiotensin-systemhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/GF.png Effect of ACEI, ARBs and NSAIDs on glomerular filtrationhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Potassium-with-ACEI.png ACE inhibitors causing renal failure and hyperkalemia eliminating the use of potassium supplements https://www.egpat.com/questions/why-atorvastatin-is-not-combined-with-gemfibrozilhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Statin-and-fibrates.png Actions of statins and fibrates https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Statin-with-fibrates.png Statins contraindicated with fibrates https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Rhabdomyolysis.png Both statins and fibrates produce rhabdomyolysis https://www.egpat.com/questions/what-is-chemical-equivalence-and-magnetical-equivalence-in-nmr https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Chemical-equivalence.jpg Chemical equivalencehttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Methane.png NMR signals in methane https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Methyl-radical.png NMR signals in 1-bromopropane https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Methylene-radical.png methylene radical https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/bromopropane.png NMR signals in 1-bromopropane https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/2-chlorobutane.png NMR signals in 2-chlorobutane https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Magnetic-equivalence.png Magnetic equivalence in NMR https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/Vinyl-bromide.jpg NMR signals in vinyl bromide https://www.egpat.com/questions/how-enalapril-decreases-blood-pressure https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/AT-II-actions.png Inhibition of synthesis thereby effects of AT II by ACE inhibitors https://www.egpat.com/questions/can-lidocaine-be-given-by-oral-route https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/First-pass-of-lidocaine.png Lidocaine shows high first pass metabolism when given by oral route https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/First-pass-effect.png First pass effect of drugs when given by oral route https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Hepatic-metabolism.png Fate of the drug that reaches systemic circulation https://www.egpat.com/questions/how-quinidine-increases-the-concentration-of-digoxin-when-given-concomitantly https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/digoxin-quinidine-PB.png Displacement of digoxin from protein binding sites by quinidine https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/digoxin-quinidine.png Inhibition of p-glycoprotein by quinidine increasing concentration of digoxin https://www.egpat.com/questions/will-procainamide-increase-qt-interval https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Class-I-proarrhythmic.png Proarrhythmic action of class I antiarrhythmic agents leading to torsade de pointes https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Class-III-TDP.png Torsade de pointes due to class III action increasing QT interval https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Procainamide-proarrhythmic.png Torsade de pointes due to N-acetyl procainamide https://www.egpat.com/questions/does-amiodarone-produces-thyroid-abnormalities https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Amiodarone-actions.png Class I, II, III and IV actions of amiodaronehttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Iodine-in-amiodarone.png Iodine in the structure of amiodarone responsible for thyroid problems https://www.egpat.com/questions/digoxin-is-a-cardiotonic-but-how-it-is-indicated-for-atrial-fibrillationhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/AF-VF.png Atrial fibrillation converts into ventricular fibrillation through AV nodehttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Digoxin-rate.png Digoxin increases force yet decreases rate of contraction of heart due to vagal activity https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Digoxin-for-AF.png Digoxin inhibits AV conduction thereby prevents ventricular fibrillation from Atrial fibrillation https://www.egpat.com/questions/why-dose-of-lidocaine-should-be-adjusted-in-cardiac-patients-taking-propranolol https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Lidocaine-propranolol-cat.png The categories of lidocaine and propranololhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/ahl/Lidocaine-propranolol.png The effect of propranolol on hepatic blood flow and metabolism of lidocaine https://www.egpat.com/questions/does-enalapril-produce-dry-cough https://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/ARB-No-cough.png ACE inhibitor produce dry cough but ARBs doesn’t https://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/AT-II-activation.png Activation of RAS leading to formation of AT IIhttps://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/ACEI-drycough.png ACE inhibitors produce dry cough due to accumulation of bradykinin https://www.egpat.com/questions/how-5ht1a-agonists-are-useful-in-anxiety-disorders https://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/5-HT1Areceptors.png Autoinhibitory presynaptic 5-HT1A receptors in CNShttps://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/5-HT1A-pre-post.png 5-HT1A receptor agonists decrease 5-HT transmission hence decrease anxiety https://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/Buspirone-adv.png Buspirone has fewer side effects than benzodiazepine but slow acting https://www.egpat.com/questions/how-digoxin-produces-ventricular-arrhythmias https://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ahl/Digoxin-action.png Mechanism of action of digoxinhttps://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/digoxin-calcium.png Digoxin induced ventricular arrhythmias due to raised calcum levels https://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/digoxin-ectopic.png digoxin induced AV block and raise in ectopic pacemaker activity https://www.egpat.com/questions/why-verapamil-is-contraindicated-in-wolf-parkinson-white-syndrome https://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/Uniblock.png Unidirectional block in cardiac conduction pathways leading to re-entry type of arrhythmia https://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/re-entry.png Re-entry type of arrhythmia leading to extra heart beat https://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/ERP.png No extra heart beat can be observed if impulse reaches after ERP https://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/class-III-reentry.png Class III agents increase and Class https://www.egpat.com/questions/how-nebivolol-produces-vasodilatation-even-it-is-a-beta-blocker https://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/nonselective-BB.png Effect of non-selective beta blockers on beta receptors https://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/Selective-BB.png Effect of selective beta blockers on heart https://www.egpat.com/Images/Cology/ace/Nebivolol-NO.png Dual action of nebivolol both on heart and vasodilatation on vascular smooth muscle https://www.egpat.com/questions/why-stearic-acid-has-more-melting-point-than-oleic-acid https://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/saturated-fatty-acids.png Saturated fatty acidshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/oleic-acid.png oleic acid and its melting pointhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/linoleic-acid.png linoleic acid and its melting pointhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/linolenic-acid.png linolenic acid and its melting pointhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Chemistry/vanderwaal-forces.png van der waals forces in linear and spherical chains https://www.egpat.com/questions/is-carbidopa-ineffective-for-parkinson-disease-when-given-alone https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/carbidopa-structure.jpg structure of carbidopa in comparison with dopa https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/levodopa-carbidopa.jpg carbidopa increasing action of levodopahttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/carbidopa-action.jpg carbidopa cannot cross blood brain barrier https://www.egpat.com/questions/are-excretion-and-elimination-both-same https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/drug-excretion.jpg excretion of drugs and their metabolites https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/elimination-excretion.jpg excretion is part of elimination https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/diazepam-metabolism.jpg metabolism of diazepamhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/lidocaine-metabolism.jpg high hepatic metabolism of lidocaine https://www.egpat.com/questions/does-probenecid-increase-duration-of-penicillins https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/elimination-of-penicillin.jpg elimination of penicillins https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/probenecid-inhibiting-OAT.jpg Inhibition of tubular secretion by probencid https://www.egpat.com/questions/is-levodopa-not-preferred-for-parkinson-disease-in-younger-patientshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Parkinson-disease.jpg Decrease in dopamine levels in parkinson diseasehttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/parkinson-disease-targets.jpg drug targets in parkinson diseasehttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/levodopa-side-effects.jpg side effects of levodopahttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/parkinson-disease-and-age.jpg therapy in parkinson disease by age https://www.egpat.com/questions/alprazolam-is-not-gaba-agonisthttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/agonist-antagonist.jpg difference of agonist an antagonist https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/agonist.jpg action of agonist on receptor https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/antagonist.jpg action of antagonist on receptor https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/atropine-action.jpg action of atropine https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/modulator.jpg action of modulator on receptor https://www.egpat.com/questions/whether-gpat-is-an-online-or-offline-exam https://www.egpat.com/images/GPAT-pattern.jpg GPAT examination pattern https://www.egpat.com/images/GPAT-model-exam-panel.png GPAT exam panel model https://www.egpat.com/questions/why-cholestyramine-should-not-be-taken-along-with-digoxinhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Resins-inhibit-biliary-reabsorption.png Inhibiton of biliary reabsorption by resins https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Action-of-ezetimibe.png Inhibition of cholesterol absorption by ezetimibehttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/structure-of-resins.png Resins are macromoleculeshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Action-of-resins.png Resins can inhibit biliary reabsotpion of cholesterol https://www.egpat.com/questions/how-pethidine-produces-respiratory-depression-in-neonateshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/Pethidine-action.png mechanism of action of pethidine https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/pethidine-norpethidine-side-effects.png Side effects of pethidine and norpethidinehttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/pethidine-effect-neonates.png Effect of pethidine in neonateshttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/pethidine-naloxone.png Naloxone reverse pethide effects but not of norpethidine https://www.egpat.com/questions/what-is-the-difference-between-repolarisation-and-hyperpolarisationhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/repolarisation.png repolarisationhttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/hyperpolarisation.png hyperpolarisation https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/repolarisation-in-smooth-muscle.png repolarisation in smooth muscle https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/repolarisation-in-cardiac-muscle.png repolarisation in cardiac musclehttps://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/hyperpolarisation-by-potassium.png hyperpolarisation by potassium channels https://www.egpat.com/images/Cology/hyperpolarisation-by-chloride.png hyperpolarisation by chloride channels https://www.egpat.com/questions/is-cholesterol-a-protein 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https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/x-ray-diffraction?Page=3 https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/x-ray-diffraction?Page=4 https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/x-ray-diffraction?Page=5 https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/esr https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/esr?Page=2 https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/esr?Page=3 https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/principles-of-chromatography https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/principles-of-chromatography?Page=2 https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/principles-of-chromatography?Page=3 https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/principles-of-chromatography?Page=4 https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/principles-of-chromatography?Page=5 https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/principles-of-chromatography?Page=6 https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/principles-of-chromatography?Page=7 https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/hplc https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/hplc?Page=2 https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/hplc?Page=3 https://www.egpat.com/test-papers/hplc?Page=4 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anticholinergics on bronchioles https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/anticholinergics-git.PNG action of antichoinergics on GIT https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/anticholinergics-bladder.PNG action of anticholinergics on bladder https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/anticholinergics-eye.PNG action of anticholinergis on eye https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/anticholinergics-glands.PNG action of anticholinergics on glands https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/anticholinergics-cns.PNG action of anticholinergics on cns https://www.egpat.com/tutorials/cholinergic-antagonists/side-effects-uses-of-muscarinic-antagonists https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/anticholinergic-side-effects.PNG side effects of antichoinergics https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/anticholinergic-side-effects-heart-eye.PNG side effects of anticholinergics on heart and eye https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/anticholinergics-mydriatics.PNG anticholinergics as mydriatics 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succinylcholine https://www.egpat.com/tutorials/cholinergic-antagonists/actions-uses-of-depolarising-neuromscular-blockers https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/succinyl-choline-short-acting.PNG succinylcholine is short acting agent https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/succinyl-choline-hyperkalemia.PNG succinylcholine induced hyperkalemia https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/succinyl-choline-arrythmias.PNG succinylcholine induced arrhythmia https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/succinyl-choline-malignant-hyperthermia.PNG succinylcholine induced malignant hyperthermia https://www.egpat.com/tutorials/cholinergic-antagonists/non-depolarising-neuromuscular-blockers https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/tubocurarine-hypotension.PNG tubocurarine induced hypotension https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/atracurium-pH.PNG effect of pH on atracurium https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/mivacurium-metabolism.PNG metabolism of mivacurium https://www.egpat.com/tutorials/cholinergic-antagonists/actions-uses-of-non-depolarising-neuromuscular-blockers https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/non-depolarising-neuromuscular-blocker-action.PNG action of non-depolarising neuromuscular blockers https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/neuromuscular-block-high-dose.PNG neuromuscular blockers at high dose https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/neuromuscular-block-order-of-recovery.PNG order of recovery of neuromuscular block https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/atracurium-laudanosine.PNG conversion of atracurium to laudanosine https://www.egpat.com/tutorials/adrenergic-agonists/introduction https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/catechol-amines.PNG catechol amines https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/n-substitution-beta-selectivity.PNG beta selectivity by bulky group on nitrogen https://www.egpat.com/tutorials/adrenergic-agonists/adrenergic-receptors https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/Epinephrine-action-on-blood-vessels.PNG action of epinephrine on blood vessels https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/Slide25.PNG dales vasomotor reversal https://www.egpat.com/tutorials/adrenergic-agonists/alpha-adrenergic-receptors https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/alpha-1-receptor-actions.PNG actions of alpha1 receptors https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/alpha1-receptors-contraction.PNG contraction by alpha1 receptors https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/sympathetic-system-on-GIT.PNG effect of sympathetic system on GIT https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/alpha2-receptor-actions.PNG actions of alpha2 receptors https://www.egpat.com/tutorials/adrenergic-agonists/beta-adrenergic-receptors https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/beta-1-receptor-actions.PNG actions of beta1 receptors https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/beta-2-receptor-actions.PNG actions of beta2 receptors https://www.egpat.com/images/tutorials/beta-3-receptor-actions.PNG actions of beta3 receptors 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